ملاحظات عامة في النحو والترجمة صفحة 1

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  ملاحظات عامة في النحو و الترجمة صفحة 1

  T.S. Eliot's Four Quartets - Page 115

  The bitter apple and the bite in the apple

  And the ragged rock in the restless waters

  Waves wash over it, fogs conceal it;

  On a halcyon day it is merely a monument

  In navigable weather it is always a seamark

  To lay a course by: but in the sombre season

  Or the sudden fury, is what it always was

  وصخرة تحيط بها المياه الهائجة قد بها الدهر

  يتقاذفها الموج ويُخفيها الضباب

  في أيام الرخو والهناء ما هي إلا مجرد تمثال ( المقصود الصخرة)

  في الطقس الملائم للملاحة تكون فنار

  ( طبعا في حالة الطقس الحسن لا يحتاج ملاحو السفن إلى فنار)

  لكنها لا تهدي الطريق السوي في الفصل الكئيب

  أو كلما اشتدت الوطأة كما هو معتاد

  ( أي عندما تسوء الظروف وتصبح غاضبة والصخرة تبقى مجرد تمثال)

  الترجمة الحرفية في كثير من الأحيان لا تنفع هذه الأبيات الأربع أو الخمس ربما تصعب على المترجم ينقلها بشكل حرفي وحينها ستكون عديمة المعنى وكما أرى مطلوب من المترجم فهم حضارات وثقافات الشعوب ( عاداتهم وطبائعهم وهلم جرا )

  يعني هذه كما المثل الشعبي العراقي : أو كما هو شائع لدى أهل الموصل " بالحليب ما قلك لكن بالنطيح يا سلام سلم "

  أي أن تلك الماعز لا تدر اللبن ولكن بالنطاح أو التناطح لا من يسبقها يضرب المثل عموما على من لا يرجى خير منه ( عن أفعال الخير بعيد أو لا أسم ولا عنوان )

  وهكذا توجد كلمة في الإنجليزية دقيقة بهذا الوصف : notorious = فقط شائع صيته مع الأشياء السيئة هنا أيضا يقول هذه الصخرة بأيام الرخاء تظهر للعيان وترشد الملاحين وأرباب السفن لكن عندما يسوء الجو لا فائدة منها (هكذا تفهم اللغة الأدبية )

  Fill the cup and fill the can

  Have a rouse before the morn

  Every moment dies a man

  Every moment one is born

  “Fill the can and fill the cup

  All the windy ways of men

  Are but dust that rises up

  And is lightly laid again

  أملأ الكأس و أملأ الوعاء

  واستيقظ قبل طلوع النهار

  ( نستطيع القول قبل شروق الشمس \ بزوغ الفجر )

  في كل لحظة يموت إنسان

  في كل لحظة يولد مولود

  أملأ الوعاء وأملئ الكأس

  كل الشرور التي تحيق بالإنسان ( منزلقات \ طرق ملتوية )

  ما هي إلا غبارا يثار

  ثم يتساقط ببطيء من جديد

  هذه الأبيات من ( رباعيات الخيام - النسخة الأصلية ) في الأبيات الأخيرة مفردة

  ( windy ways ) لا نستطيع ترجمتها بشكل حرفي طرق مصحوبة بعواصف \ بأعاصير \ مسارات الريح ربما ممكن القول ( طرق ملتوية ) = طرق ليست مستقيمة

  ( كمعنى ظاهري ) ومن الأفضل ترجمتها خطايا أو ذنوب لأنه المعنى الحقيقي يتعلق بمصير الإنسان وحياته كونه حيث يولد مجبول بين خير وشر .. وفيما لو فعل الخير ستزول تلك الشرور (الذنوب ) هكذا هو المعنى في مغزى القصيدة أو حسب رؤية الشاعر ليس المقصود الذكور فقط لكن من المؤكد الذكور هم أكثر صُناعا للشر من الإناث وأصلا عبارة windy way ممكن استخدامها ك idiom مصطلح تعبيري كما في أدناه نلاحظ أن معناها يأتي بمعنى : يسلك \ يستدير windyway = مسالك هوائية

  You'll have to wind your way through the forest to reach the river. = change the direction

  ينبغي عليك أن تغير مسار طريقك عبر الغابة كي تصل النهر ( تعمل استدارة )

  سلك الباص طريقه عبر الممر الجبلي الضيق

  The bus wound its way up the narrow mountain road

  أو نقول : استدار الباص سالكا طريقه ....

  We've been winding our way along the East Coast to sample all the different local cusine.

  انحرفنا بطريقنا ( غيرنا مسار طريقنا \ انعطفنا )

  ملاحظة أخيرة كلمة but تستخدم للاستثناء بمعنى ( سوى \ قط ) مثلا من مسرحية يوليوس قيصر

  يقول أحد شخصيات المسرحية : أعلم أن قيصر لم يكن ذئبا شرس الطباع لولا ان الرومان ما هم إلا نعاج ( سوى نعاج ) ( الترجمة زيادة في التوضيح )

  المعنى ( جبناء ) .. لم ياستأسد قيصر لولا أن الرومان مجرد نعاج . ( سوى نعاج)

  I know he would not be a wolf but that he sees the Romans are but sheep!

  هنا أبيات من معلقة امرؤ القيس ( قفا نبكي ..) ترجمة ( Nicholson )

  ربما سيعترض البعض ويقول خرجت عن المعنى أقول صحيح طبعا لأن المترجم أجنبي أهتم بالقافية والوزن على حساب المعنى

  ويوماً على ظهر الكثيبِ تعذَّرت عَليّ وَآلَتْ حَلْفَة ً لم تَحَلَّلِ

  ومَا ذَرَفَتْ عَيْناكِ إلا لتَضْرِبي بسَهمَيكِ في أعشارِ قَلبٍ مُقَتَّلِ

  أي يقع ضمن دائرة قتل اللواحظ ليصبح حطام

  Once on the hill, she mocked at me and swore

  But ah, the deadly pair, thy streaming eyes,

  This hour I leave to return no more

  They pierce a heart that all in ruins lies

  قلب (مقتل ) أي هالك لا محال المترجم استخدم هذا التركيب ( (all in ruins lies

  Pre-Islamic poetry

  Soft I if farewell is planted in thy mind,

  Yet spare me, Fatima, disdain unkind

  Because my passion slays me, wilt thou part

  Because thy wish is law unto mine heart

  Nay, if thou so mislikest aught in me

  Shake loose my robe and let it fall down free

  But ah, the deadly pair, thy streaming eyes I

  They pierce a heart that all in ruin lies

  confusing words

  Super-Confusing Words in English deny / refuse deny – say something is not true, or say that you did not do something أنكر The teenager denied stealing the DVDs from the store.

  refuse – NOT do something, or say firmly that you will not do something The employee was fired after he refused to do what the manager asked. رفض \ امتنع Note that after deny we always use the -ing form, and after refuse we always use the “to” form. afraid / scared / frightened When in the passive voice – after the verb “to be” and before “of” – you can use afraid or scared with no change in meaning. She’s afraid of spiders. She’s scared of spiders. However, when used in the active voice, you can use only scared or frightened: The loud noise scared me. The loud noise frightened me. You can also describe something that causes fear as scary or frightening: It was a scary experience. It was a frightening experience. staff / employees Both of these words refer to people who work at a company. But staff is always singular and uncountable – it describes the entire group of workers as one thing. Employees is countable and plural – it describes the collection of individual workers. The entire staff was happy about the extra day off. All the employees were happy about the extra day off. Whenever you use a specific number, use employees or staff members: Thirty employees received raises. Thirty staff members received raises. Thirty staff received raises. interfere / intervene Interfere has a negative connotation; it is when someone/something affects a situation, and you don’t want it to: I wish my mother would stop interfering in my life! Intervene has a more positive connotation; it is when someone/something affects a situation in a good way: Bob and Joe were about to start fighting, but Pam intervened and calmed them down. problem / trouble Problem is countable, and trouble is usually uncountable: I’m having a problem with the computer. I’m having trouble with the computer. The bad internet connection caused problems for the students. The bad internet connection caused trouble for the students. We have two major problems. We have two major troubles. Trouble can also be used as a verb: These test results are troubling me. (making me worried) relation / relationship Relationship can describe a connection between two people (it can be romantic or not): I’ve been dating my boyfriend for three years. We have a great relationship. He has a terrible relationship with his father. Both relationship and relation can describe connections between two things: I’m studying the relationship between education levels and poverty. There’s a close relation between smoking and lung disease. The word relations (plural) is used with general connections in a specific category: international relations, diplomatic relations, race relations, etc. suppose / supposed to The word suppose means something like think, believe, imagine, or expect: He’s not answering his cell phone. I suppose he’s already gone to bed; after all, it’s midnight. The expression supposed to means something should be done, but it was not (or is not usually) done: I was supposed to go to work today, but I’m sick so I stayed home. We’re supposed to park our cars in the company garage, but most people just park on the street. switch / change The word change means for something to become different. The word switch is more specific – it means to stop using/doing one thing and start using/doing another. I’m going to change a few things in my life this year. Could you switch seats with me, so that I can sit next to my husband? (the two people will exchange seats) Her personality has changed a lot recently. I wasn’t happy with my Nokia cell phone, so I switched to a Samsung. (I stopped using the Nokia and started using the Samsung)

  2. mistakes with using prepositions

  1- A lengthy discussion of the advantages of solar power is not relevant with an essay that required you to focus on wind turbines. correct = relevant to 2 It is typical to the disease for it to start with an itchy rash. correct = typical of 3 This methodology is not appropriate about the kind of research you are planning. correct = appropriate to \ for 4 The use of original metaphors is characteristic from the writer's style. correct = characteristic of 5- Relative with previous attempts to explain the phenomenon, this interpretation is quite persuasive correct = relative to 6 The dark hair and eyes are common for all people from the region. correct = common to

  3. Mistakes with using modifier changing the position of modifier changes the meaning

  Only the council votes on Thursday القنصل لوحده من صوت في يوم الخميس = له الحق بالتصويت في أيام أخرى عدا الخميس The council votes only on Thursday. القنصل قام بالتصويت فقط في يوم الخميس أي لم يعمل عملا أخر عدا التصويت = ليس له الحق بالتصويت في أيام أخرى

  misplaced modifier ضمائر الوصل placement of relative pronouns هنا مع ضمير الوصل : that wrong : A small book sat on the desk that Sarah had read.

  "That" here refers to desk correct : A small book that Sarah had read sat on the desk.

  لو أترجم الجملة الأولى بناءً على التركيب النحوي ستكون هكذا سارة قرأت المنضدة التي فوقها قد وضع الكتاب الصغير؟ والبعض يقول يجوز التقديم والتأخير في كل اللغات = ليس صحيح الجواب : يجوز أحيانا وليس دائما (ليس عشوائي ) فيما لو لم يسبب تغيير في المعنى أو تشوش في المعنى

  Mistakes with using the comparative form

  Wrong : Mangoes are more expensive than any fruits correct : Mangoes are more expensive than any other fruits.

  We should use the word 'other' after any.

  أمثلة أخرى لاحظ الجملتين التاليتين كيف أن الخطأ النحوي فاضح:

  He hates television as much as his wife . ? = wrong هنا يكره التلفاز بقدر ما يكره زوجته correct : He hates television as much as his wife does. هنا صحيحة والمعنى مستقيم ومقبول يكره التلفاز بنفس القدر الذي زوجته تكره التلفاز = كلاهما يكرهان التلفاز بنفس الكره أو الكراهية أو كلاهما يكرهان التلفاز على حد سواء المعنى واضح من خلال التركيب ولا لبس فيه أوعليه

  More examples using ' only'

  1- I only struck him that time. = اعتديت عليه بالضرب فقط 2- I struck him only that time. = ضربته في ذلك الوقت فقط 3- I struck only him that time. = ضربته ولم اضرب غيره

  Examples : prepositional phrase modifier

  1- The dog under the tree bit Carrie. The preposition phrase = adjective = which dog

  2- The dog bit Carrie under the tree. = adverb ( place )

  consider how changing the place of the modifier changes the meaning ?

  1- الكلب الذي تحت الشجرة عض البنت كاري.

  - الكلب عض البنت كاري تحت الشجرة.2

  Active and passive voice ( English / Arabic) contrastive study

  Examples :

  Do the Muslims bury their dead?

  The noun "dead" is essentially short for "dead people", so it is arguably already plural. It has no singular form. هل أن المسلمين يدفنون موتاهم ؟ كلمة الموتى التي هي مفعول في جملة المبني للمعلوم ستكون ( فاعل ) في جملة المبني للمجهول في الإنجليزية وليس في العربية لأنه في العربية ستكون اسم ( أن توكيد) Are the dead buried by the Muslims? هل أن الموتى تم دفنهم من قبل المسلمين ؟ practical : 1- sentences begin with ( do \ did ) present : the verb ( do ) we change it to ( is , am or are ) according to the subject used and the verb ( did ) to was or were. 2- Sentences begin with ( modal auxiliaries ) We move the modal to front as : will + S + be + pp ( past participle) Here are examples with solutions : Change the following sentences into Passive Voice: 1. Does he know you? 2. Are you running a race? 3. Must I reveal the secret? 4. Can anyone think of such a thing? 5. Can you solve this problem? 6. Did the teacher punish you? 7. Have you posted the letter? 8. Should I take exercise daily? 9, Will he invite us to the party? 10. Do the Muslims bury their dead? 11. Did you find any job in the city? 12. Does his success satisfy his parents? 13. Is he doing his homework yet? 14. May I have your umbrella? 15. Were you writing an essay yesterday? Answers : 1. Are you known to him? 2. Is a race being run by you? 3. Must the secret be revealed by me? 4. Can such a thing be thought of (by anyone)? 5. Can this problem be solved by you? 6. Were you punished by the teacher? 7. Has the letter been posted by you? 8. Should exercise be taken daily by me? 9. Shall we be invited to the party by him? 10. Are the dead buried by the Muslims? 11. Was any job in the city found by you? 12. Are his parents satisfied by his success? 13. Is his homework being still done by him? 14. May your umbrella be had by me? 15. Was an essay being written by you yesterday?

  Difficulty : converting to passive with a sentence using participle or infinitive

  He remembers his friend telling him about the party ( Active) Remember = stative verb Answer : He remembers being told about the party by his friendِِ (Passive) Rule 1 Participles/ Gerunds are converted into passive voice as follows: (being + verb in third form) For example: 1. I remember my mother taking me to doctor. (Active Voice) I remember being taken to doctor by my mother. (Passive Voice) 2. I found his friends laughing at him. (Active Voice) I found him being laughed at by his friends. (Passive Voice) Rule 2: The Verbs such as let', 'bid', 'make', 'help'. 'feel', 'see'. 'watch'. 'hear', am used with direct infinitive (without 'to) in active voice. In passive voice these verbs are used with infinitive (to + verb)

  Correct usage of neither nor It is not correct to repeat the same verb

  He can neither speak English nor he can speak Arabic. He can neither speak English nor Arabic.

  لاحظت في بعض المنتديات أو المواقع الكثيرون يستخدمون طرق خاطئة ( يعيدون الفعل نفسه أو الصفة المستخدمة ذاتها مرة أخرى) لا داعي لإعادتها لأنه مفهومة فعندما تقول في الإنجليزية لا يحسن التكلم في الإنجليزية ولا في العربية = مفهومة هو في كلا اللغتين لا يحسن التكلم وكذلك الحال لو كانت صفة كما في مثال 7 تحت : ليست سعيدة مع أقربائها ولا مع أصدقاءها إنها لا تشعر بالسعادة لا مع أقربائها ولا مع أصدقائها)) (لا داعي أن تعيد الصفة ذاتها )

  6. He cannot speak Kannada fluently.He cannot speak Tamil fluently. Ans. He can neither speak Kannada nor Tamil fluently. 7. She is not happy with her relatives. She is not happy with her friends too. Ans. She is neither happy with her relatives nor with her friends

  Join the pairs using ( neither ..nor ) We cannot replace what we destroy. Nature cannot replace what we destroy.

  Some would answer it as :

  We can neither replace what we destroy nor nature can replace what we destroy. ( = not much acceptable)

  Better : What we destroy neither we nor nature can replace.

  ما حطمناه بأيدينا لا نحن ولا الطبيعة قادرين على إعادته إلى مكانه السوي.

  تحويل الجمل منassertive into interrogative ليس كل الجمل تحول بطريق تقليدي traditional way كما هو معهود مثال Are you a student ? أو What are you doing أوAre you feeling better today? أو Is that your final answer? وهكذا .... هذه الطريقة بديهية ومعروفة , ولكن نمط أخر أو كثير من الأنماط الأخرى مثال مع الشرح :

  Virtue is its own reward. = assertive ( statement ) Is virtue not its own reward? = interrogative When you ask a question especially to express emotions or feelings try to convert it into a negative interrogative. This by any means doesn't mean it is changed to a negative or the idea given = negative

  ربما هكذا نمط من الأسئلة يكون سؤالا استفزازيا أو استغرابيا لكن لا يتضمن النفي الجملة أعلاه بالضبط معناها : وهل جزاء الإحسان إلا الإحسان.

  حرفيا هل الفضيلة لا تكافأ نفسها ؟

  #11 17:28 ,02-12-2021

  I saw you toss the kites on high

  And blow the birds across the sky

  And all around I heard you pass

  Like ladies' skirts across the grass

  O wind, a-blowing all day long

  O wind, that sings so loud a song!

  شاهدتك تقذف الطيارات الورقية للأعالي

  وتطير الطيور عبر السماء

  واسمع خطواتك تمر من حولي

  كما جلابيب صبايا يطأن الأعشاب ( صوت ملامسة أسفل الثوب)

  أيتها الريح اعصفي طوال النهار

  أيتها الريح التي تصدح بغنائها عاليا

  Verbs of sensation like " see, hear, watch, observe etc.." are either followed by an infinitive without to or participle; however, the meaning is slightly different.

  See + bare infinitive = you see the complete action

  See + participle = you see a part of the action.

  #15 18:04 ,03-12-2021

  Is it compound or simple?

  He was not only industrious but also wise.

  = compound , the second subject is implied (understood)

  He was not only industrious but (he was) also wise

  Besides being industrious he was wise. = simple

  a. He was not only industrious \ b he was wise

  To add emphasis, we can use (not only) at the beginning

  of a clause. When we do this, we invert the subject and

  the verb = inversion

  Not only was it raining all day at the wedding but also the band was late.

  Not only will they paint the outside of the house but also the inside.

  When there is no auxiliary verb or main verb be, we use do, does, did.

  Not only did she forget my birthday, but she also didn’t even apologise for forgetting it.

  Are sentences containing "not only... but also" complex or compound?

  I have not only a book but also a computer.

  وهنا سؤال يطرحه أحدهم شبيه لما أوضحته في أعلاه في هذا المنتدى الإنجليزي على الرابط تحت

  https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/54466/are-sentences-containing-not-only-but-also-complex-orcompound

  Though it is not a compound sentence, your sentence does contain a compound object consisting of the nouns book and computer, which are connected by the correlative conjunction not only...but also

  --------------------

  For example, you can have two main clauses like this

  Not only did Michael grill a steak for Tiffany, but he also prepared a hotdog for Rocket, her dog.

  OR you can shorten the sentence with two prepositional phrases:

  Michael grilled meat not only for Tiffany but also for Rocket, her dog.

  OR you can have two nouns as this version does

  Michael grilled meat for not only Tiffany but also Rocket, her dog.

  Notice: here it is very clear using the structure ( Not only ....but also ) = compound sentence ( made from two independent sentences )

  I agree with this author completely

  ---------------

  We not only did our homework, but we also studied for the test

  This sentence has two verbs+ conjunction( not only. but also). It is therefore compound.

  ملاحظة : إن وجود فعلين مركبين أو مفعولين لا يجعلان الجملة البسيطة مركبة

  الجملة المركبة = متى ما تم ربط جملتين مستقلتين بإحدى أدوات الربط حينها تكون مركبة

  When two independent clauses are joined by conjunctions ( FANBOYS) then the result it would a compound sentence.

  Transformation of sentences:-

  A. simple into compound

  1. Using the conjunctions and, both...and, not only....but also ; as, Simple :Seeing a bear coming , he lay on the ground.

  Compound: He saw a bear coming, and lay on the ground.

  Simple : She received praise and reward.

  Compound : She was both praised and rewarded.

  Simple : Besides being industrious he is wise.

  Compound: He is not only industrious but also wise.

  2. Using the Conjunctions but, yet, nevertheless ; as

  Simple: In spite of his riches, he is unhappy.

  Compound : He is very rich, but still he is unhappy.

  Simple: Notwithstanding his sorrow, he is hopeful.

  Compound: He is sorrowful but yet hopeful.

  Simple: In the face of many obstacles he persevered.

  Compound : He met with many obstacles, nevertheless he persevered.

  3. Using the conjunctions or, either...or, otherwise; as

  Simple: You must confess your fault to escape being fined. Compound: You must confess your fault or you will be fined. Simple: To avoid punishment you must apologize.

  Compound : Either you must apologize, or you will be punished. Simple: You must run away at once to escape being caught. Compound: You must run away at once otherwise you will be caught.

  b. Conversion of compound sentences into simple

  Compound Sentences may be changed into simple sentences in the following ways :--

  1. By substituting a Participle for a Finite Verb ; as

  Compound: He took his hat and set off.

  Simple: Taking his hat, he set off.

  Compound: The sun rose and the fog disappeared.

  Simple: The sun having risen, the fog disappeared.

  Compound: He finished his work and returned home.

  Simple: Having finished his work, he returned home.

  2. By substituting a Preposition, etc., for a Clause ; as :

  Compound: He not only made a promise, but kept it too.

  Simple: Besides making a promise he kept it.

  Compound: He shaved himself and then took his bath.

  Simple: After shaving himself, he took his bath.

  Compound: You must not be late or you will be fined.

  Simple: In the event of your being late, you will be fined.

  3. By substituting an Infinitive for a Clause ; as

  Compound: You must work hard or you will not win the first prize. Simple: You must work hard to win the first prize.

  Compound: Either you must confess your fault or you will be punished.

  Simple: To escape punishment, you must confess your fault.

  c. Conversion of Simple Sentences into Complex Sentences

  A Simple Sentence can be changed into a complex sentence by expanding a word or a phrase into a subordinate clause

  ( Noun, Adjective or Adverb.).

  1. Noun Clause

  simple : We heard of her failure.

  Complex: We heard that she had failed.

  Simple: I do not know the day of his death.

  Complex : I do not know when he died.

  Simple : We all know the reason of his popularity.

  Complex : We all know why he is popular.

  Simple: The time of his coming no one knows.

  Complex: When he will come no one knows.

  Simple: She hoped to win the first prize.

  Complex : She hoped that she would win the first prize. 2. Adjective Clause

  Simple: He is a man of his word.

  Complex : He is a man who keeps his word.

  Simple: A man of prudence is respected by all.

  Complex : A man who is prudent is respected by all.

  Simple: A liar is seldom trusted.

  Complex : A person who tells lies is seldom trusted.

  Simple: The reason of her failure is known to all.

  Complex : The reason why she failed is known to all.

  Simple: He told us the time of his arrival.

  Complex : He told us the time when he would arrive. 3. Adverb Clause

  Simple: You may go anywhere.

  Complex: You may go wherever you like.

  Simple: At sunset he returned home.

  Complex: When the sun set he returned home.

  Simple: Do it to the best of your ability.

  Complex: Do it as well as you can.

  Simple: On seeing the snake I ran away.

  Complex: As soon as I saw the snake, I ran away.

  Simple: He was absent on account of illness.

  Complex : He was absent because he was ill.

  Simple: The news is too good to be true.

  Complex: The news is so good that is cannot be true.

  Simple: Without your help I can do nothing.

  Complex: Unless you help me I can do nothing.

  d. Conversion of complex sentences into simple sentences

  A Complex Sentence can be changed into a Simple Sentence by converting a Clause ( Noun, Adjective or Adverb ) into a phrase or word.

  1. Noun Clause

  Complex : He admitted that he had done wrong.

  Simple. : He admitted his fault.

  Complex : He pleaded that he was not guilty.

  Simple : He pleaded not guilty.

  Complex : That you should be present is essential.

  Simple : Your presence is essential.

  Complex : No one knows when he died.

  Simple : No one knows the day of his death.

  Complex : Tell me where your brother lives.

  Simple : Tell me the address of your brother.

  Complex : What he spoke on that occasion was unworthy of him.

  Simple : His speech on that occasion was unworthy of him. 2. Adjective Clause

  Complex : People who work hard prosper in the world.

  Simple : Hard-working people prosper in the world.

  Complex : He is a man who possesses great courage.

  Simple : He is a very courageous man.

  Complex : We saw the place where Tagore was born.

  Simple : We saw the birthplace of Tagore.

  Complex : The man who wrote this book was a poor man. Simple : The author of this book was a poor man.

  Complex : Delhi, which is the capital of India, is situated on the Jamuna.

  Simple : Delhi, the capital of India, is situated on the Jamuna. Complex : This is the place where the rebels meet.

  Simple : This is the rebels meeting-place.

  Complex : Time which is once lost is lost for ever.

  Simple : Time once lost is lost for ever

  3. Adverb Clause

  Complex : He was pleased that he had won a prize.

  Simple : He was pleased at having won a prize.

  Complex : He is so exhausted that he cannot walk.

  Simple : He is too exhausted to walk.

  Complex : I was wonder-struck when I heard her saying this Simple : I was wonder-struck to hear her saying this.

  Complex : We eat that we may live.

  Simple : We eat to live.

  Complex : When he had finished his work, he went out to play. Simple : Having finished his work, he went out to play. Complex : Because she was ill she stayed at home.

  Simple : Owing to her illness she stayed at home.

  e. Conversion of Compound Sentences into Complex Sentences

  It is possible to change a compound sentence into a complex sentence by turning one of the co-ordinate clauses into a subordinate clause.

  Compound : Spare the road and spoil the child.

  Complex : If you spare the road, you spoil the child. Compound : Work hard or you will fail.

  Complex : Unless you work hard, you will fail.

  Compound : He did not work hard ; therefore he failed.

  Complex : He failed because he did not work hard. Compound : He is poor, but honest.

  Complex : Although he is poor, he is honest.

  Compound : He wishes to become rich ; therefore he works hard.

  Complex : He works hard that he may become rich. Compound : keep quiet or you will be fined.

  Complex : Unless you keep quiet, you will be fined. Compound : He heard the news, and set off at once.

  Complex : When he heard the news he set off at once.

  f. conversion of complex sentences into compound sentences

  We can convert a complex sentence into a compound sentence by changing the subordinate clause into a co-ordinate clause. Complex : I am certain that he has made a mistake. Compound : He has made a mistake, and of this I am certain. Complex : I have found the pen that I had lost.

  Compound : I had lost a pen, but I have found it.

  Complex : If you do not work hard you will not pass. Compound : You must work hard or you will not pass.

  Complex : Unless you study regularly, you will make no progress.

  Compound : Study regularly or you will make no progress. Complex : He works hard that he may become rich. Compound : He aims at becoming rich and works hard. Complex : As soon as he saw the lion, he ran away. Compound : He saw the lion, and at once he ran away.

  g. Interchange of principal and subordinate clauses

  Study the following examples :---

  1. No sooner did the sun rise than the fog disappeared.

  The fog disappeared as the soon as the sun rose

  2. Unless you confess your guilt, you will be punished.

  Confess your guilt that you may not be punished.

  3. He is not such a wise man as he was reputed to be.

  He was reputed to be a wiser man than he is.

  4. My coat was not returned until it had been washed.

  My coat had been washed before it was return.